Exploring the Legacy of Redlining in California with Open Data & Open Source Tools

# Exploring the Legacy of Redlining in California with Open Data & Open Source Tools
## <span style="font-size: 75%;">Investigating linkages to pollution burden and public health trends with CalEnviroScreen data</span>
### David Altare<br><span style="font-size: 60%; line-height: 130%; display: block;">California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA)<br>State Water Resources Control Board<br>Office of Information Management & Analysis (OIMA)</span>
### Water Data Seminar Series | March 18, 2021<br><br><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;fill:currentColor;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z"></path></svg> <a href="https://bit.ly/redline-2021-03">bit.ly/redline-2021-03</a>

---

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### Overview

1. Background / Context
    - CalEPA Team
    - Definitions & History
    
2. Analysis
    - Data
    - Results
 
3. Presentation Formats
    - Storymap website
    - Shiny App

4. Tools & Methods

5. Considerations, Limitations, & Next Steps

---
class: inverse center middle

# Background / Context

---

### Background -- CalEPA Racial Equity Team

.pull-left[
#### [Pollution and Prejudice: Redlining and Environmental Injustice in California](https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/f167b251809c43778a2f9f040f43d2f5)

![](data:image/png;base64,#images/CalEPA_page_small.JPG)

Storymap released February 1, 2021

#### <svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;fill:currentColor;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">  <path d="M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z"></path></svg> [bit.ly/pollutionandprejudice](https://bit.ly/pollutionandprejudice)

]

.pull-right[
#### Project Team:
- Greg Gearheart, State Water Resources Control Board
- Beti Girma, State Water Resources Control Board
- Jaimie Huynh, CalRecycle
- Maraid Jimenez, State Water Resources Control Board
- Charles Lee, USEPA Office of Environmental Justice
- Jennifer McGovern, State Water Resources Control Board
- Kevin Olp, Bay Area Air Quality Management District
- Deldi Reyes, California Air Resources Board
- Amy Schwanhausser, former CalEPA Intern
- Walker Wieland, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
- Angie Ye, former CalEPA Intern
]

---

### Background -- What is Redlining?

#### Some Standard Definitions:

- Wikipedia: "the systematic denial of various services or goods by federal government agencies, local governments, or the private sector either directly or through the selective raising of prices" <sup>1</sup>

- Google / Oxford Languages: "refuse (a loan or insurance) to someone because they live in an area deemed to be a poor financial risk (example: 'banks have redlined loans to buyers')" <sup>2</sup>

#### In the context of this project, "redlining" refers to a specific, well documented practice...

.footnote[
1 - [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redlining)   
2 - [Google / Oxford Languages](https://www.google.com/search?&q=redline+definition)
]

---

### Background -- History

- 1930s "Residential Security" maps of major cities across the country (population >40,000), including 8 in California:

- Fresno
    
    - Los Angeles
    
    - Oakland
    
    - Sacramento
    
    - San Diego
    
    - San Francisco
    
    - San Jose
    
    - Stockton
    
]

.pull-right[
.center[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#images/holc-scan_sac_cropped.jpg" width="70%" />
]
]

---

### Background -- History

- 1930s "Residential Security" maps of major cities across the country (population >40,000)

- Created by a federal government agency --- Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC)
    
    - HOLC bought mortgages at risk of default, re-issued loans on more favorable terms
    
    - Evaluated mortgage lending risk by neighborhood -- A (green) to D (red) scale
    
]

.pull-right[
.center[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#images/holc-scan_sac_cropped.jpg" width="70%" />
]
]

---

background-size: contain

.footnote[
Image Source: <br>[Mapping Inequality](https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=&text=downloads)
]

<br>
.right[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#images/holc-scan_sac_legend.jpg" width="30%" />
]

---

background-size: contain

.footnote[
Image <br>Source: <br>[Mapping<br> Inequality](https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=&text=downloads)
]

---

### Background -- History

- 1930s "Residential Security" maps of major cities across the country (population >40,000)

- <span style='color:#b7b4b4'>Created by a federal government agency --- Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC)</span>
    
    - <span style='color:#b7b4b4'>HOLC bought mortgages at risk of default, reissued loans on more favorable terms</span>
    
    - <span style='color:#b7b4b4'>Evaluated mortgage lending risk by neighborhood -- A (green) to D (red) scale</span>
 
    - Explicitly considered racial and ethnic makeup of neighborhoods
    
]

.pull-right[
> "***A neighborhood earned a red color if African Americans lived in it***, even if it was a solid middle-class neighborhood of single family homes."

---Richard Rothstein, *[The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America (2017)](https://www.epi.org/publication/the-color-of-law-a-forgotten-history-of-how-our-government-segregated-america/)*

]

---

background-size: contain

<br>
.center[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#images/sac_form_D4_crop.jpg" width="70%" />
]

---

### Background -- History

- 1930s "Residential Security" maps of major cities across the country (population >40,000)

- <span style='color:#b7b4b4'>Created by a federal government agency --- Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC)</span>
    
    - <span style='color:#b7b4b4'>HOLC bought mortgages at risk of default, reissued loans on more favorable terms</span>
    
    - <span style='color:#b7b4b4'>Evaluated mortgage lending risk by neighborhood -- A (green) to D (red) scale</span>
 
    - <span style='color:#b7b4b4'>Explicitly considered racial and ethnic makeup of neighborhoods</span>
    
    - Resulting disparities in pathways to home ownership, community development, and other economic and social opportunities
    
]

.pull-right[
> "Although the HOLC did not always decline to rescue homeowners in neighborhoods colored red on its maps (i.e, redlined neighborhoods), the maps had a huge impact and **<u>put the federal government on record as judging that African Americans, simply because of their race, were poor risks</u>.**"

]

---

### Background -- Other Studies

#### Economic Impacts

.pull-left[
.center[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#images/fed-reserve-paper.JPG" width="100%" />
]
]

.pull-right[
> “Our results suggest that the **<u>HOLC maps had an economically meaningful and lasting effect on the development of urban neighborhoods</u>** through reduced credit access and subsequent disinvestment”<sup>1</sup>

]

.footnote[1 - D. Aaronson, D. Hartley, B. Mazumder. **The Effects of the 1930s HOLC "Redlining" Maps (Revised August 2020)**. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Working Paper, No. 2017-12, 2017. https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/working-papers/2017/wp2017-12]

---

### Background -- Other Studies

#### Redlining & Asthma Rates<sup>1</sup>

.footnote[1 - A. Nardone, J.A. Casey, R. Morello-Frosch, M. Mujahid, J.R. Balmes, N. Thakur. **Associations between historical residential redlining and current age-adjusted rates of emergency department visits due to asthma across eight cities in California: an ecological study**. Lancet Planet Health, 4 (1) (2020), pp. e24-e31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30241-4]

.pull-right[
> "**<u>Historically redlined census tracts have significantly higher rates of emergency department visits due to  asthma</u>**,  suggesting  that  this  discriminatory  practice  might  be  contributing  to  racial  and  ethnic  asthma  health  disparities"

]

---

### Background -- Other Studies

#### Redlining & Tree Cover / Urban Heat Islands<sup>1</sup>

.footnote[<span style='font-size:16px'>1 - Hoffman JS, Shandas V, Pendleton N. **The Effects of Historical Housing Policies on Resident Exposure to Intra-Urban Heat: A Study of 108 US Urban Areas**. Climate. 2020; 8(1):12. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli8010012</span>]

---

### Background -- Other Historical Policies

#### Zoning (Los Angeles):

> "a black community became established in the South Central area of the city in the 1940s. The neighborhood had some industry, but its **<u>nonresidential character was more firmly entrenched when the city began a process of 'spot' rezoning</u>** for commercial or industrial facilities. **<u>Automobile junkyards became commonplace</u>** in the African American neighborhood. In 1947, an **<u>electroplating plant explosion</u>** in this newly developing ghetto killed five local residents (as well as fifteen white factory workers) and destroyed more than one hundred homes.

---

### Background -- Other Historical Policies

#### Zoning & Redlining:

> "when the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) developed insured amortized mortgage as a way to promote homeownership nationwide, **<u>these zoning practices rendered African Americans ineligible for such mortgages</u>** because banks and the FHA considered the existence of nearby rooming houses, commercial development, or industry to create risk to the property value of single-family areas. **<u>Without such mortgages, the effective cost of African American housing was greater than that of similar housing in white neighborhoods, leaving owners with fewer resources for upkeep</u>**. African American homes were then more likely to deteriorate, reinforcing their neighborhoods' slum conditions."

> "zoning... attempted to protect white neighborhoods from deterioration by ensuring that few industrial or environmentally unsafe businesses could locate in them. Prohibited in this fashion, **<u>polluting industry had no option but to locate near African American residences</u>**."

---

# Analysis

---

### Digitized Redlining Maps

.footnote[Robert K. Nelson, LaDale Winling, Richard Marciano, Nathan Connolly, et al., “Mapping Inequality,” American Panorama, ed. Robert K. Nelson and Edward L. Ayers. https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/]

---

### Digitized Redlining Maps

---

### CalEnviroScreen 3.0

- broad indicator of present-day environmental / public health conditions state-wide

- mapping tool to identify California communities 
    - most affected by different sources of pollution
    - most vulnerable to the effects of pollution

- includes environmental, health, and socioeconomic data

- produces a numerical score for each census tract in the state

]

---

### CalEnviroScreen 3.0

.pull-right[
<br>
<br>
.center[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#images/ces_formula.jpg" width="100%" />
]
]

---

### Combining Redline Maps & CalEnviroScreen Data

---

### Combining Redline Maps & CalEnviroScreen Data

---

### Translating CalEnviroScreen Scores to Redline Maps

#### For quantitative comparisons, translate CalEnviroScreen scores from census tracts to neighborhoods in Redline maps

---

### Translating CalEnviroScreen Scores to Redline Maps

#### Multiple methods for translating CalEnviroScreen scores from census tracts to neighborhoods in Redline maps

---

### Translating CalEnviroScreen Scores to Redline Maps

---

### Results -- CalEnviroScreen Scores by City & Grade

---

### Results -- CalEnviroScreen Scores by City & Grade

.center[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#images/3-results_avg_by_city_and_grade.png" width="100%" />
]

---

### Results -- Adjusted CalEnviroScreen Scores

.footnote[adjusted score = [neighborhood CalEnviroScreen score] - [citywide average CalEnvrioScreen score]
]

---

### Results -- Adjusted CalEnviroScreen Scores

---

### Results -- 20 Indicators

---

### Results -- Present-Day Demographics

.center[
<img src="data:image/png;base64,#images/5-race_ethnicity_plot _revised.png" width="100%" />
]

---
class: inverse center middle

# Presentation Formats

---

### Presentation Formats

#### Storymap (ESRI / ArcGIS) --- Pollution and Prejudice: Redlining and Environmental Injustice in California

- Detailed history / context

- Interactive Maps

- High level overview of analysis / results

#### Shiny App (R / RStudio)

- Interactive tool to explore analysis / results in detail

- Tool to view CalEPA regulatory data in context of redlined areas (may add other tools / features to explore other data?)

???
storymap - full link at: 
https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/f167b251809c43778a2f9f040f43d2f5

---
class: center middle hide_logo

# Storymap Demo

## <svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;fill:currentColor;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">  <path d="M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z"></path></svg> [bit.ly/pollutionandprejudice](https://bit.ly/pollutionandprejudice)

---
class: center middle hide_logo

# Shiny Application Demo

## <svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;fill:currentColor;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">  <path d="M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z"></path></svg> [cawaterdatadive.shinyapps.io/Redline-Mapping/](https://cawaterdatadive.shinyapps.io/Redline-Mapping/)

---

### Datasets Used in Shiny App

- Redline Maps ([Mapping Inequality - University of Richmond / Virginia Tech](http://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#text=downloads))

- CalEnviroScreen 3.0 ([Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Website](https://oehha.ca.gov/calenviroscreen/report/calenviroscreen-30) & [CalEPA Geoserver](https://services.calepa.ca.gov/geoserver/))

- CalEPA Regulated Sites ([CalEPA Geoserver](https://services.calepa.ca.gov/geoserver/) & [CalEPA Regulated Site Portal](https://siteportal.calepa.ca.gov/nsite/map/export))

- CalEPA Site Program Types, Inspections, Violations, and Enforcement Actions ([CalEPA Regulated Site Portal](https://siteportal.calepa.ca.gov/nsite/map/export))

- 2014/2016 Clean Water Act Section 303(d) Listed Waterbodies ([State Water Resources Control Board Website](https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/tmdl/integrated2014_2016.shtml))

- California Drinking Water Provider Service Areas ([Water Resources Control Board Map Services](https://gispublic.waterboards.ca.gov/portal/home/item.html?id=fbba842bf134497c9d611ad506ec48cc#overview) & [State Geoportal](https://gis.data.ca.gov/datasets/waterboards::california-drinking-water-system-area-boundaries))

- California Water Board Regional Office Boundaries ([California State Water Resources Control Board Map Services](http://gispublic.waterboards.ca.gov/arcgis/rest/services/Administrative/RB_OfficeAreas/MapServer/0) & [State Geoportal](https://gis.data.ca.gov/datasets/waterboards::regional-board-boundaries))

---

# Tools & Methods

---

### Tools & Methods

#### R (programming language) & RStudio used for:
- data access
- cleaning and reformatting data
- basic analysis and visualization
- geospatial data processing and analysis
- reporting 
    - reports / presentations -- [Rmarkdown](https://rmarkdown.rstudio.com/)
    - interactive tools -- [Shiny](https://shiny.rstudio.com/) & [shinyapps.io](https://www.shinyapps.io/)
    
<svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;fill:currentColor;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">  <path d="M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z"></path></svg> [r-project.org](https://www.r-project.org/)

#### Code and data on GitHub  <svg viewBox="0 0 496 512" style="height:1em;fill:currentColor;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">  <path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"></path></svg>
- transparency
- reuse
- collaboration

---
class: center middle hide_logo

# GitHub Site

## <svg viewBox="0 0 496 512" style="height:1em;fill:currentColor;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">  <path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"></path></svg> [github.com/daltare/Redline-Mapping](https://github.com/daltare/Redline-Mapping)

---
class: inverse center middle

# Considerations / Limitations & Next Steps

---

### Considerations / Limitations

.pull-left[
#### Limited geographic coverage
- areas that existed in the 1930s
- only cities with population > 40,000
    
#### May be difficult to use to formulate specific policies on broad scale<sup>1</sup>
]

.footnote[
1 - [America’s formerly redlined neighborhoods have changed, and so must solutions to rectify them](https://www.brookings.edu/research/americas-formerly-redlines-areas-changed-so-must-solutions/). Brookings Institution, 2019.
]

.pull-right[
> "the racial makeup of the population in redlined areas has grown and evolved dramatically over the last eight decades, and **<u>the effects of the practice have spread beyond the confines of the original maps</u>**.

> "proposals that base their remedies primarily on formerly redlined areas... exclude important Black neighborhoods and communities, and would skew impact toward a handful of large cities"

---America’s formerly redlined neighborhoods have changed, and so must solutions to rectify them. Brookings Institution, 2019.

]

---

### Considerations / Limitations

.pull-left[
#### Difficult to determine degree of causation
- lots of other factors between the 1930s and today that impact current conditions  
- many HOLC loans were made before the maps were drawn <sup>1</sup>
- distribution of HOLC loans doesn't necessarily follow the pattern you'd expect from the maps (HOLC ratings were not always deterministic) <sup>1</sup>
]

.footnote[
1 - [HOLC “Redlining” Maps: The Persistent Structure Of Segregation And Economic Inequality](https://ncrc.org/holc/). National Community Reinvestment Coalition, 2018.
]

.pull-right[
> "Others have argued that the maps were confidential documents and an analysis of individual **<u>HOLC loans, most of which were made by 1936, before the “residential security maps” were completed, indicates that the agency provided mortgages to both white and minority borrowers</u>**"

---HOLC “Redlining” Maps: The Persistent Structure Of Segregation And Economic Inequality. National Community Reinvestment Coalition, 2018.<sup>1</sup>
]
    
---

### Considerations / Limitations

.pull-left[
#### Still important because...
- reflection of prevailing attitudes about race and credit risk (influences on FHA, VA, and other public and private lending programs)<sup>1</sup>
- we understand the mechanisms that lead from reduced credit access to socioeconomic / environmental / public health impacts
- helps to understand context for our work
]

.footnote[
1 - [HOLC “Redlining” Maps: The Persistent Structure Of Segregation And Economic Inequality](https://ncrc.org/holc/). National Community Reinvestment Coalition, 2018.
]

.pull-right[
> "While the ultimate use of the HOLC residential security maps is a subject of debate, **<u>it is clear that the HOLC maps compiled the common understanding of local-level lending decision makers of the risk in the neighborhoods of their cities</u>**."<sup>1</sup>

> "Since the HOLC maps document the contemporary expert judgement of neighborhood lending risk, they provide an **<u>archive of lending risk perception</u>** ... which **<u>can help us understand the extensive reconfiguration of the U.S. urban system</u>**"<sup>1</sup>

]

---

### Potential Next Steps

- Improve on the existing analysis

- Include other indicators of current conditions vs. Redline maps

- Incorporate other historical policies / programs that provide more geographic coverage (e.g., zoning, deed restrictions, planning documents)

- In-depth study of a particular local area (including other indicators & historical policies)

---

### Potential Next Steps

#### Inform and support our mission to ensure equitable access to clean air, water, and land for all Californians

- from CalEnviroScreen we know that, state-wide, people of color are vastly over-represented in the census tracts with the highest pollution burden / vulnerability state-wide

.footnote[
[Analysis of Race/Ethnicity, Age, and CalEnviroScreen 3.0 Scores](https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/calenviroscreen/document-calenviroscreen/raceageces3analysis.pdf), Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, June 2018
]

---
class: middle center

# Thanks!

### Slides / Contact
#### <svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;fill:currentColor;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">  <path d="M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z"></path></svg> [bit.ly/redline-2021-03](https://bit.ly/redline-2021-03)
#### <svg viewBox="0 0 496 512" style="height:1em;fill:currentColor;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">  <path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"></path></svg> [github.com/daltare](https://github.com/daltare/)
#### <svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;fill:currentColor;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">  <path d="M464 64H48C21.49 64 0 85.49 0 112v288c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h416c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V112c0-26.51-21.49-48-48-48zm0 48v40.805c-22.422 18.259-58.168 46.651-134.587 106.49-16.841 13.247-50.201 45.072-73.413 44.701-23.208.375-56.579-31.459-73.413-44.701C106.18 199.465 70.425 171.067 48 152.805V112h416zM48 400V214.398c22.914 18.251 55.409 43.862 104.938 82.646 21.857 17.205 60.134 55.186 103.062 54.955 42.717.231 80.509-37.199 103.053-54.947 49.528-38.783 82.032-64.401 104.947-82.653V400H48z"></path></svg> [david.altare@waterboards.ca.gov](mailto: david.altare@waterboards.ca.gov)

### Waterboards Data Center
#### <svg viewBox="0 0 496 512" style="height:1em;fill:currentColor;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">  <path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"></path></svg> [github.com/CAWaterBoardDataCenter](https://github.com/CAWaterBoardDataCenter)
#### <svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="height:1em;fill:currentColor;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">  <path d="M464 64H48C21.49 64 0 85.49 0 112v288c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h416c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V112c0-26.51-21.49-48-48-48zm0 48v40.805c-22.422 18.259-58.168 46.651-134.587 106.49-16.841 13.247-50.201 45.072-73.413 44.701-23.208.375-56.579-31.459-73.413-44.701C106.18 199.465 70.425 171.067 48 152.805V112h416zM48 400V214.398c22.914 18.251 55.409 43.862 104.938 82.646 21.857 17.205 60.134 55.186 103.062 54.955 42.717.231 80.509-37.199 103.053-54.947 49.528-38.783 82.032-64.401 104.947-82.653V400H48z"></path></svg> [waterdata@waterboards.ca.gov](mailto: waterdata@waterboards.ca.gov)